The Strategic Role of Life Insurance in Estate Planning

Estate planning is an essential financial strategy that ensures your assets are managed and transferred according to your wishes after your passing. While estate planning often involves wills, trusts, and tax planning, life insurance is a pivotal component that can enhance the effectiveness of these efforts.

Liquidity When It's Most Needed

One of the primary benefits of incorporating life insurance into estate planning is the provision of liquidity. Upon the death of an estate holder, there are immediate expenses to be met, including funeral costs, outstanding debts, and perhaps taxes. Life insurance policies can be designed to pay out quickly upon the insured’s death, providing the necessary funds to cover these expenses without the need to hastily liquidate other assets, which might otherwise be sold at an inopportune time or at a loss, or may have other sentimental value (e.g., a house that has been in the bloodline for generations).

Providing for Heirs

Life insurance can ensure that heirs receive a significant cash inheritance without any delay. This is particularly beneficial for those who wish to provide for their loved ones immediately after their passing. Moreover, life insurance payouts are generally tax-free, which means beneficiaries receive the full amount of the intended gift without the deductions associated with other types of inheritances.

Equalizing Inheritances

In situations where the assets are difficult to divide equally, such as in businesses or real estate, life insurance can be used to equalize inheritances among multiple beneficiaries. For instance, if one child inherits a family business, a life insurance policy can provide comparable value to other children, ensuring fair and equitable distribution of the estate.

Estate Taxes and Other Costs

For larger estates, federal estate taxes can pose a significant burden. Life insurance can be a strategic tool to pay these taxes without the need to liquidate other estate assets. By setting up an irrevocable life insurance trust (ILIT), the proceeds from the life insurance policy can be excluded from the taxable estate, potentially saving a significant amount in taxes and preserving more of the estate for the beneficiaries.

Business Succession Planning

For business owners, life insurance is a key element in succession planning. It can provide the funds necessary for a partner or group of employees to buy out the deceased owner’s interest in the company, facilitating a smooth transition and ensuring the business’s continuity.

Life insurance offers a versatile and powerful tool for estate planning. Its ability to provide immediate liquidity, equalize inheritances, cover estate taxes, and facilitate business succession planning makes it indispensable in a well-rounded estate strategy. As with any financial planning, it's important to consult with legal and financial advisors to tailor life insurance coverage to your specific needs and goals, ensuring that your legacy is preserved and protected according to your wishes. Through careful planning and strategic use of life insurance, you can secure peace of mind for yourself and your heirs.

Integrating Charitable Giving into Your Estate Planning

Charitable giving is a noble way to ensure your legacy lives on, impacting future generations and supporting causes close to your heart. When structuring your estate plan, there are several philanthropic vehicles to consider, each offering unique benefits and considerations. From bequests to sophisticated trusts and donor-advised funds, understanding these options can help tailor your charitable contributions to align with both your financial and altruistic goals. Here's how you can effectively incorporate charitable giving into your estate planning.

Key Charitable Vehicles in Estate Planning

1. Bequests: One of the simplest ways to make a charitable gift is through a bequest contained within your living trust. This method allows you to specify an amount of money, a percentage of your estate, or specific assets to be given to charity. Bequests are highly flexible, easy to arrange, and can significantly reduce the estate tax burden on your heirs.

2. Charitable Trusts: These are more complex instruments that provide valuable tax breaks and can be tailored to suit different goals:

• Charitable Remainder Trusts (CRTs) allow you to receive an income stream or allow your designated beneficiaries to receive an income stream for a period, after which the remaining assets go to your chosen charity.

• Charitable Lead Trusts (CLTs) provide an income stream to the charity for a set term, and thereafter, the remaining assets revert to you or pass to your heirs, potentially reducing or eliminating gift and estate taxes.

3. Donor-Advised Funds (DAFs): DAFs act as a charitable investment account. You contribute assets which immediately qualify for a tax deduction, and then recommend grants to charities over time. This vehicle is particularly useful for those who wish to remain actively involved in philanthropy without managing a private foundation.

4. Private Foundations: For those with substantial assets, starting a private foundation can be an effective but complex way to control charitable giving. Foundations can fund various charities, offer family members roles in its administration, and create a lasting institutional legacy. However, they require significant management and adhere to strict regulations.

5. Endowments: Setting up an endowment can provide a charity with a permanent source of income, as the principal is kept intact while investment income is used for charitable purposes. This option is appealing if you want to ensure long-term financial support for a charity.

Strategic Considerations for Charitable Giving

Tax Implications: Each vehicle has specific tax benefits and implications. For example, bequests can reduce the size of your taxable estate, while contributions to CRTs and CLTs may reduce both income and gift taxes. Understanding these nuances is crucial in maximizing the tax efficiency of your charitable efforts.

Timing of Impact: Some options, like direct bequests or contributions to DAFs, can provide immediate benefits to charities. Others, such as endowments or CLTs, are structured to give over a long period. Consider when you want your chosen charity to benefit from your gift.

Control and Legacy: Decide how much ongoing control or involvement you wish to have. DAFs and private foundations allow for continued involvement in donation decisions, whereas bequests and endowments are generally one-time arrangements.

Family Involvement: If involving family in philanthropy is important, consider vehicles that support this goal. DAFs and private foundations can engage multiple generations in charitable activities.

Charitable giving within estate planning is not just a way to reduce taxes—it's a strategy to make a meaningful difference in the world while honoring your values. Whether it’s supporting a local community, contributing to global causes, or advancing scientific research, the right charitable vehicles can integrate your philanthropic objectives seamlessly into your overall estate plan. As always, consulting with legal and financial professionals can provide guidance tailored to your personal circumstances, ensuring your charitable contributions are both impactful and aligned with your estate planning goals.

Explainer: Property Tax in California

In California, property taxes are assessed by the county assessor's office in the county where a property is located. This is an ownership tax set by the voters of the state of California, and has nothing to do with the federal government, the president, or Congress.

Property taxes are imposed based on the “assessed value” of a property, which is usually determined by the purchase price of the property. Property owners receive a property tax bill each year that reflects the assessed value of their property and the applicable tax rate. Property owners can choose to pay their property taxes in two installments, due on December 10th and April 10th of each year.

Proposition 13, passed by voter initiative in 1978, is a landmark California law that limits the amount of property tax that can be imposed on a property to 1% of the property's market value at the time of purchase, with annual increases of no more than 2%. This means that even if the market value of a property increases over time, the assessed value (the purchase price) essentially freezes in time until the property is sold again. This is why each property owner on a given city block pays a different property tax rate, since each parcel was purchased at a different time at a different price. When a property is sold again, the assessed value is reassessed, and the property taxes are recalculated for the new owner.

Let’s use an example. If a home is purchased for $500,000, that becomes its assessed value. Under Prop 13, the property taxes would be calculated by imposing a 1% tax on the assessed value of $500,000, or $5,000. The property owner owes $5,000 per year in property taxes, and that amount can only be increased by 2% per year (~$100). So even if the property increases in market value to $2,000,000, the property owner still only owes $5,000 per year (plus increases) so long as they continue owning the property.

Property taxes are vital to a community. Most school districts in California are funded by property tax revenue. That’s a huge reason why you see well funded school districts where homes have a high property value. And conversely, you may see struggling school districts in neighborhoods with stagnant or depressed property values. Those “good” schools then further increase the desire to live in that school district, and consequently increase the surrounding property values in that neighborhood, to create an echo chamber of increasing property values and tax revenue. Property values, and by extension property tax revenue, go hand in hand with well funded school districts.

Up until recently, Proposition 58, effective since 1986, allowed parents to pass to their children their property tax rate. This was called the “parent-child exclusion”. The parent-child exclusion allowed children to inherit property that often had a market value in the millions but only pay property taxes based upon the price their parents (and sometimes grandparents) paid for the property. So, in our example above, a child could inherit that property worth $2,000,000, and still only pay $5,000 in property taxes for their entire life. And then they could pass that property to their children with the same property tax rate! If the property was reassessed upon the inheritance, the property taxes would have shot up to $20,000 (1% of $2,000,000).

This all changed with Proposition 19.

Prop 19, passed in 2020 and in effect since 2021, limits the ability of children to inherit property from their parents without reassessment of the property's value. Under the new law, the property must be the primary residence of the giving parent, must be used as the primary residence of the inheriting child, and the difference in assessed value and the market value is capped at $1 million over the parents’ assessed value. Put another way, the parent-child exclusion is essentially eliminated unless multiple conditions are met. Prop 19 also allows homeowners who are over 55 years old, disabled, or victims of natural disasters to transfer their property tax rate from their existing home to a new home of equal or lesser value anywhere in California. This means that these homeowners can move without facing a significant increase in property taxes.

Prop 13 and 19 are the law of the land for California property taxes. While homeowners over 55 years of age will experience new flexibility in moving to a new home while paying the same property taxes, more inherited properties will be reassessed, thus increasing tax revenue to help defray the costs of allowing those over 55 to keep their tax rate. Proper planning on both fronts ahead of time is recommended to avoid any unnecessary increases in the costs of living for you and for your loved ones.

Explainer: Capital Gains Tax

The capital gains tax is a subset of our income tax system. It is imposed by both the federal government (IRS) and the state of California (Franchise Tax Board). The recipient of the income is the one on the hook for paying it.

You’re probably most familiar with paying income tax on your earnings through work. Since our wages are fairly predictable year over year, most wage earners have their employers take out (or “withhold”) their income taxes from each paycheck ahead of time. Then, every April, with a timely filed tax return, each wage earner claims a refund for any excess due back to the wage earner. But our wages are only one form of income we may receive in any given year.

Other forms of income may come in the way of rents from an income property we own and lease to a tenant. Or maybe we receive dividends paid to us because we hold shares in a company that generated profits for the year. Or maybe we own an interest in an oil well and are entitled to royalties from that interest.

Or, more commonly, we sold something for more money than we purchased it for. Profit from a sale is considered income, and it is called a “gain”. (Similarly, if we lost money on a sale, we would call it a “loss”). If something is valued more than what it was purchased for, but hasn’t been sold, it’s considered a “potential” or “built in” gain. It becomes an “actual” or “recognized” gain once you actually sell the asset. A capital gain is a gain on the sale of a capital asset. A capital asset can be a house, vehicle, office equipment, art, construction equipment, stocks, bonds, a trademark, etc. Capital assets are essentially anything you own that is not cash or a retirement account.

Let’s use an example. (The following example is going to be significantly simplified not to include tax deductions or financing instruments like mortgages. We’re also not discussing short-term capital gains in this example).

You purchase a home for $500,000 in cash. That purchase price is considered your “cost basis”, or the starting point for calculating gains and losses. Five years later, your home is worth $750,000. Your cost basis remains the purchase price at $500,000, but you now have a potential gain of $250,000 built into your property. At this point no taxes are due or owed. You don’t actually have the $250,000 sitting in your bank account. You have the fleeting possibility of making that $250,000 if you sell the house today. If your home value dips to $450,000 tomorrow, you would then have a potential loss of $50,000. Your home value is a fluctuating number from year to year, and your potential losses and gains flow accordingly.

Let’s say you decide to sell it to a willing buyer at that $750,000 price. At this point you took an asset that you purchased for $500,000, and you converted it into $750,000. That means you resulted in a recognized capital gain of $250,000. You now have income that actually went into your bank account. You will be taxed by both the federal government and the state of California on that income as a capital gains tax.

Now’s a great time to remind you that this is not a CPA’s post. This is about estate planning, right? Why are capital gains significant in an estate planning context?

Capital gains, as explained above, are taxed when someone makes a profit selling an asset. If you don’t ever sell the asset, there is no taxable event. So what happens if you have an asset with a built in capital gain, and give it away or gift it during your life?

When you make a lifetime gift of an asset, and it has potential gains built into it, you are also giving the recipient a future capital gains tax problem. Let’s use the same example from above, with the house that is worth $750,000, and was purchased for $500,000. If you gave that house to your children instead of selling it, your children also receive the built in capital gains. So if/when your children sell the home, and it’s sold for more than $500,000, then they owe any capital gains tax. Since you never sold the house, someone has to pay the tax, and it’s going to be the owner that sells it.

What if you give the house after you die?

There is a federal tax law that says any gift of a capital asset after death receives what is called a step up in basis to fair market value upon date of death. In plainspeak that means that an asset gifted at death gets all of the built in capital gains eliminated. That’s not a typo. If instead of giving the $750,000 house to your children during life you gave it to them as an inheritance, then they receive the home as if they purchased the home for $750,000! If/when they sell the home, their capital gains exposure is measured from the $750,000 amount and not the original purchase price of $500,000. This significantly reduces or eliminates anyone ever paying capital gains tax on the sale of this home. It’s quite the benefit! You do not need to do anything to receive this benefit. It’s a tax feature available whenever someone dies owning capital assets.

To apply this knowledge to a real world situation, think of a time when a parent added a child to title of their home. The parent’s idea might be to shortcut the transfer of the home by adding the child to title during life, and upon the parent’s death the child receives the home… which is partially correct. They will receive the home. But they will also receive a portion of the parent’s built in capital gains. You see, when the parent dies, only the portion of the capital gains associated with the home that the parent owns gets eliminated. The portion that the child owns stays in place until the child dies or sells the property. In situations with joint title, part of the interest gets the step up at death, but the portion in the hands of the person still living remains untouched. So in most cases, we prefer to transfer appreciated assets after death and not during life.

You can see how knowing the nuances of “everyday” taxes can help when planning ahead. And you can also probably see how once you’ve made certain transfers, you cannot “unring the bell”. We strongly recommend speaking to a professional prior to making large or substantial transfers, even when it involves something mundane like adding a child onto title. Even non wealthy, “straightforward” estate plans can benefit from speaking to an estate planning professional to create a robust and comprehensive plan.

Taxes and Estate Planning

One of the most consistent questions that we come across involves taxes. For estate planning purposes, there are three (3) distinct types of taxes that may impact your estate plan. 

1. Estate & gift tax

The estate and gift taxes are transfer taxes. They are federal only. California does not impose an estate or gift tax.

• Transfer taxes tax the transfer of an asset. The estate tax is imposed when someone transfers something upon death (think: inheritance) and the gift tax is imposed when it’s a lifetime gift (think: birthday present).

• Who pays it? Always the person making the transfer (aka the estate of the person who died, or the person giving the gift). 

Not all transfers are taxed. There is an exemption amount that must be exceeded before the tax kicks in. The current exemption amount for an individual is $11.7 million*, and for a married couple it’s $23.4 million*. In other words, you need to have more than $11.7 million or $23.4 million in net assets to have to pay any estate tax. 

The gift tax is related to the estate tax. This is how: every year, every single person can give any other person $15,000* without reporting it to the IRS. A married couple can double that amount. If you exceed the amount, then you have to report it to the IRS. But instead of paying tax on it, your estate tax exemption amount is reduced by the fair market value of the item gifted. 

Example: If you love this blog, and you’re married, you can give Natasha $30,000 this year without reporting it to the IRS. If you love it SO much, you could give Natasha $31,000, but then you have to report that extra $1,000 to the IRS. The IRS then takes your $1,000 and reduces your estate tax exemption amount by $1,000. So instead of being $23.4 million exemption, it would be $23.4 million MINUS $1,000. 

*This is the amount for 2021. Each year this amount is adjusted for inflation. 

2. Income tax (capital gains taxes)

Income tax, as you know, is both state and federal. For purposes of this section, we’re focusing on capital gains taxes (profit made when selling something) and not your wage income (income made going to work).

If you buy something for an amount and it increases in value, and then you sell it, you have to pay taxes on that increase in value, which is called a gain. A capital gain is a profit from selling a capital asset, which is basically anything that is substantial in nature, excluding cash or retirement accounts (think: real estate, stocks, heavy machinery, artwork, collectibles, etc.). 

Example: You buy your house for $1 million. It increases in value to $4 million and you sell it. You’ve “earned” $3 million on the house. You have to pay capital gains taxes on the increase in value of $3 million. Your capital gains taxes are part of your income tax. 

Importantly, built-in capital gains get zeroed out when someone dies. 

Example: You buy your house for $1 million. It increases in value to $4 million, and you die. Whoever gets your house (spouse, child, etc.) retains it at the value of $4 million. If they sell it the minute that you died, then they do not pay any capital gains. If they hold on to it until it’s worth $10 million and sell it, then they would pay capital gains taxes based on $6 million in gains ($10 million - $4 million, date of death value), rather than $9 million ($10 million - $1 million, purchase price). 

3. Property tax 

Property tax is imposed by the county in which the property sits. We are bolding this because it’s important and has come up numerous times with Prop 19. To repeat: property tax is a COUNTY tax. It’s not state. It’s not federal. It’s local. 

Property tax is paid in two installments, annually. It is calculated based upon an “assessed value” and is only adjusted when a property is reassessed in value, which happens most often when it changes ownership on title. 

For the most part, property taxes are adjusted anytime the property changes hands, with certain exceptions. If you plan on transferring property to your children, or to your parents, then there are certain benefits afforded to these discrete transactions. Proper planning is critical to avoid unnecessary increases in property tax.

Why does this matter? 

It is crucial not to conflate or confuse the three taxes described above. Proper tax planning within the context of estate planning requires keeping each analysis separate. Tweaking a transaction to gain a benefit through one tax analysis may increase your tax exposure with one of the other taxes. Ultimately, you are best off planning ahead and trying to anticipate pitfalls before they happen, especially when it comes to intergenerational transfers. Contact us to discuss your specific situation and to work through your goals for your family.

Are You Married?

There is a common misconception that California honors “common law marriage” after seven years of living together.* 

*(The misconception sometimes has a different number of years associated with it.) 

In California, there is NO common law marriage. There is NO seven year rule (or any other year rule) to establish a marriage. The only way to be married in California is to marry with a state license and certificate from the county clerk. 

And if you’re not married, then under the law, you and your significant other have no more rights than roommates. 

There’s no legal in-between. 

If you live with your significant other for 50 years, you’re still not married. If you have children together, you’re still not married. If you share ownership of a home, you’re still not married. The only way to be considered married is to actually get married. 

So why is this significant? Well, in sum: married couples enjoy benefits that unmarried couples do not. Married couples are considered family (e.g. for visitation in a hospital, healthcare benefits, or even inheritance); they can own community property (which has its own benefits); and they have different tax treatments. 

A registered domestic partnership is also not marriage. Although California recognizes domestic partnerships, the federal government does not. The federal government only recognizes marriages. 

So that marriage certificate is not just a piece of paper. It has major consequences and impacts on your rights, benefits, and obligations. If you would like to discuss how your situation would be affected by getting married (or not), please contact us for a free consultation.