US Treasury Confirms No Clawback

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Trump Tax Law”) of 2017 increased the federal estate tax exemption from $5 million dollars per taxpayer to $10 million. That amount is effectively doubled for married couples. The exemption amount is indexed for inflation, meaning that it goes up incrementally every year. It is the exemption amount in the year that someone dies that is used to calculate estate taxes owed. For this year (2020), the exemption amount, with inflation, is $11.58 million per person, or $23.16 million for a married couple. In simple terms, if someone dies this year owning less than $11.58 million (whether things, homes, cash, etc.), then no federal estate taxes are owed. 

The estate tax (gifts at the time of death) exemption is linked to our gift tax system (gifts during life). The amount of lifetime gifts you give is added to the total amount of property you own when you die. For example, if George makes $5 million of gifts during his life, and then dies owning $7 million worth of property, then he would be on the hook for $12 million of gifts. That would use  his entire $11.58 million dollar exemption, and his estate would owe some estate taxes. I know, it’s a pretty good problem to have.

The Trump Tax Law provision elevating the estate tax exemption is set to sunset (expire) on January 1, 2026. If Congress does nothing between now and then, the exemption level will revert back to the $5 million amount, indexed for inflation. Essentially, the exemption will be cut in half if Congress does nothing.

So what happens if someone makes lifetime gifts in 2025, and then the exemption amount reverts back to the lower amount in 2026, and then the person dies thereafter? (To use the example above, George gives $5 million in 2025 and then dies in 2027 when the exemption amount is “only” $5 million, indexed for inflation.)

On November 26, 2019, the Treasury Department and the IRS issued final regulations adopting the regulations that were proposed in November of 2018, effectively ensuring that if a decedent uses the increased exclusion amount for gifts made while the Trump Tax Law is in effect and dies after the sunset of the Trump Tax Law, the decedent won’t be treated as having made taxable gifts in excess of his or her exclusion amount.

In plain English, this means that there won’t be a clawback if George uses the exclusion amount in effect now, even if the exclusion amount is lower when George dies.  For George, the IRS will use the greater of the exclusion amount used during the transfer or on the date of death. So George will not be penalized later even though the exemption amount dropped.

The final regulations also reinforce the notion of a “use it or lose it” benefit and direct that a taxpayer who uses the exemption is deemed to use the base $5 million (indexed) exemption first and then the additional amount of exemption available through 2025.  For individuals dying after 2025, if no gifts were made between 2018 and 2025 in excess of the basic federal exclusion amount in effect at the time of death, the additional exclusion amount is no longer available. In other words, unless George uses the increased exemption amounts before 2026, he will not receive that benefit later.

Either way, the exemption amounts cover a vast majority of American estates. However, for very high net worth families, we anticipate very large transfers of wealth to occur between now and 2026 so that the benefit of the heightened exemption amounts are not lost.

What is... Guardianship?

This is part of an on-going series of blog posts titled the "What Is..." series, where we attempt to explain, in simple terms, common estate planning terms and concepts. To read other posts in this series, click here.

Guardianship is a court proceeding where a court grants legal authority to someone other than a parent to care for a minor child. It’s legally appointing new parents for a minor child. This can mean taking care of the child day-to-day or it can mean taking care of the child’s finances; or, it can mean both. This typically needs to happen for orphaned children, but it sometimes happens when circumstances arise when parents are deemed unsuitable to care for their children.

Guardianship nominations are typically made in your will. When we talk about guardianship with our clients, we have a discussion surrounding who will take care of their children when they pass away or are permanently incapacited. Guardians can be family members, relatives, or even someone unrelated. They must be an adult, and must meet the court’s satisfaction to be suitable as a legal guardian, as determined by what is in the best interest of the child.

Some common issues to address when nominating guardians for minor children are the following: Is your preferred guardian a married couple? Do you want to nominate both spouses in the couple? What if they divorce, is there a preferred guardian? Are you nominating a guardian that would require your child to be uprooted from her/his life? Are you nominating someone who has the resources—both financial and time—to dedicate to your child?

Biological parents have first dibs on guardianship. And a court is most likely to grant guardianship to the biological parent, unless there is a reason not to do so. 

• In the case of a blended family, this would mean that the children of dad and ex-wife would go to ex-wife before they go to stepmom. 

• In the case of parents who are unmarried (and never were married), the child would go to the living parent, regardless of marital status. 

Guardianship is why any parent needs a will (in addition to a trust). It’s an important decision, and you need to document your choice so that it can speak when you are unable to. Do not leave it up to chance.

The SECURE Act

On December 20, 2019, President Trump signed the “Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement” (SECURE) Act into law. The SECURE Act, effective January 1, 2020, impacts people with retirement accounts.

There are three main ways that this impacts most people: 1) you will now be required to withdraw from retirement accounts at age 72 instead of 70 ½ ; 2) the Act removes age restrictions for contributions; and 3) any inherited retirement accounts will have a ten-year distribution limit for most people instead of the “lifetime stretch”. The SECURE Act does provide a few exceptions to this new mandatory ten-year withdrawal rule: spouses, beneficiaries who are not more than ten years younger than the account owner, the account owner’s children who have not reached the “age of majority,” disabled individuals, and chronically ill individuals.

Before the SECURE Act

Previously, any non-spouse beneficiary who inherited a retirement account was able to stretch out the required minimum distributions over his or her lifetime. Since the money was not taxed until it was distributed, it allowed beneficiaries to take minimum distributions, only pay income tax on that distribution, and defer paying income taxes on the balance of the inherited retirement account until actual distribution. 

After the SECURE Act 

Now, any non-spouse beneficiary is required to take all the distributions from the inherited IRA within 10 years. This means that the inherited retirement account will be taxed sooner and potentially at a higher rate over time. 

Spouse beneficiaries: If you inherit a retirement account from your spouse, nothing will change from the previous law. You will still be able to roll over the deceased spouse’s retirement accounts into your own.

Planning for the SECURE Act

For married couples who have retirement assets, and plan to leave any remaining retirement assets to the surviving spouse, the SECURE Act does not change much for you. Your spouse can still rollover any inherited retirement assets from you. For those who are either unmarried or are currently the surviving spouse, and you plan on leaving retirement assets to someone who is not your spouse, then this means that your beneficiaries will have a much shorter time (a maximum of 10 years) within which to distribute the funds in the inherited retirement account. This may result in triggering income tax sooner than expected, and perhaps additionally losing creditor protection.

Contact us to discuss whether your current estate plan is impacted by the SECURE Act.

We've Moved!

We are excited to announce that we have moved from our Redwood City office to a new space in Belmont. Our new address is 1500 Old County Road, Belmont, California 94002. We’re officially moved in since the start of 2020. 

Call us to meet with us and see our new home!

What's In A Name? - Vesting Title

“What's in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet”

This quote, from William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, has become somewhat of a cliche when we discuss form over substance.  Sometimes a name doesn’t impact the underlying substance of something. (If you call a rose “monkey,” it’s still going to smell sweet.) However, in a legal context, where words carry significant weight, a name may make all the difference.

The name on a parcel of real estate, or “title”, declares who owns a piece of property, and how those owners own the property. The following are some examples of different ways to hold title in California.

1. Property can be solely owned.

Individual or Entity

If all you see on title is an individual’s name (e.g., “Jane Smith”), or an entity’s name (e.g., “123 Main St., LLC” or “Owner, Inc.”) then that individual or entity holds complete title. There are no co-owners. Note that married individuals may own property individually (e.g., “Jane Smith, a married woman, as her sole and separate property”).

2. Property can have multiple owners, or co-owners.

Tenants in Common

If you see more than one person or entity on title (e.g., “Jane Smith and Cecilia Perez” or “Partners, LLC and Owner, Inc.”) and either a percentage ownership (“as to an undivided 25%”) or no other words, then that is referred to as “tenants in common”. This is the default method for co-ownership in California. It means that all owners have an undivided interest (meaning, there’s no boundary splitting the parcel of property) and that they’re all individually and jointly liable as owners. Each owner has the right to lease or sell their share, and when they die (if it is a person) then the property passes to their heirs.

Joint Tenants

If you see more than one person on title followed by the words “joint tenants” (e.g., “Jane Smith and Cecilia Perez as Joint Tenants”) then that means that all owners have an undivided interest (meaning, there’s no boundary splitting the parcel of property) and that they’re all individually and jointly liable as owners. However, different from Tenants in Common, the co-owners can only own equal interests in the property. A joint tenant may not have a disproportionate interest than any other joint tenant. For example, if two joint tenants own one parcel of property, then they each effectively own half. If three joint tenants, then a third, and so on. The largest benefit to this form of ownership is what is called a “right of survivorship”. This means that when one joint tenant dies, the leftover joint tenants automatically share a proportional interest in the property. For example, if “Jane Smith and Cecilia Perez as Joint Tenants” own a parcel of property, and Jane Smith dies, then Cecilia Perez is the sole owner of the entire parcel, automatically as a matter of law. If three joint tenants, then the remaining two own the property in equal shares. This form of title is only available to individuals and not to entities, since entities do not live a natural life and that right of survivorship could not apply.

Community Property

Anytime you see two names followed by the words “community property” (e.g., “Jane Smith and Cecilia Perez, spouses, as Community Property” or “Jane Smith and Rodrigo Perez, wife and husband, as Community Property”) then that means the owners are married to each other, and they are holding this property as community property. Community property is only available to married couples who reside in community property states (California, and many of the West Coast and Southwestern states) and the property is located in one of those states. Community property can also carry a right of survivorship but the words “right of survivorship” must follow the words “community property” in the title. A married person may hold title as “separate property”. If so, you will see the words “...a married person, as his/her/their separate property” following their name.

Trustee(s) of a Trust

If one or more people own property in the name of a trust, then you will see the trustee name or names, followed by the words “trustee of the [trust name] dated [trust date]”. This means that the property is held in trust and subject to the terms of that trust. (Note: The trustee of a trust can be an individual or multiple people.)

If you have any questions about title to your home with respect to your own estate plan, please contact us.

When It May Not Be So Simple - Family Dynamics

A lot of estate planning deals with issues other than clients’ net worth. The highest hurdles are often tethered to people and not things.

A vast majority of our clients contact us with at least one similar goal in mind: how can we care for our children when we are unable?

This may seem simple. Our clients want to leave everything leftover upon their deaths to their children in equal shares. Done deal.

Sometimes, however, there may be some… complications.

• What if their children are very young?

• What if their child has a physical or cognitive disability? 

• What if their child is incapacitated or has disabilities at the time this gift is made?

• What if their children have addiction issues?

• What if their children are financially or developmentally immature?

• What if they don’t like their children’s life partners? Or fear an acrimonious split?

• What if they want to care for their children, but not spoil them to the point where the children do not pursue their own careers or endeavors?

No one desires any of the above. But these challenges can happen, and must be met with a plan. Our clients need peace of mind that the resources left for a child actually aids that child—in the state they are in at that time, which may involve some of the above conditions. Clients need to be assured that their child’s inheritance doesn’t inadvertently hurt loved ones, or unexpectedly go elsewhere (like to an estranged spouse or lurking creditor).

Or, sometimes, the client doesn’t want anything to go to their children; or they want an uneven distribution to their children. That’s even more of a reason why they need to have a plan specifying their desires. Simply “leaving it up to them” or giving one child substantially less than another, without proper safeguards, invites litigation. And we know our clients certainly don’t want their life’s work to go into a bunch of litigation lawyers’ pockets.

We talk through these situations with clients, as well as ones with more complicated family dynamics. They are hard conversations, but so important to talk about and plan for now, while you can.

Call and schedule a consultation. We can talk about the above, or anything else specific to your situation.

Estate Planning for Noncitizen Spouses

Today, 44% of Californians were born out of the state. And the proportion of foreign-born residents (28%) is nearly double that of transplants from other states (16%). From an estate planning standpoint, the big-picture concepts hold true whether or not someone is born in California. Non-Californians own property just like Californians do. Similarly, most everyone has loved ones who they care for most, regardless of citizenship or residency.

However, tax treatment is different depending on one’s citizenship and residency. Complications arise when one or both spouses in a married couple are not U.S. citizens.

If you and/or your spouse are non-citizens of the United States, then two major concepts will play a role in your estate plan: 1) the Unlimited Marital Deduction; and 2) the Gift and Estate Tax Exemption.

1. Unlimited Marital Deduction
   Married citizen couples enjoy a tax benefit called the “unlimited marital deduction”. Citizen spouses can transfer property back and forth between each other⁠—lifetime gifts or transfers on death⁠—and it is never a taxable event. Non-citizen spouses do not get this benefit. If your spouse is not a U.S. citizen, and you give them a gift, then it is only tax-free up to $154,000 a year (in 2019). (This amount is indexed for inflation). For example, adding your non-citizen spouse onto the title of your family home could potentially become a taxable gift. Or upon the citizen spouse’s death, the non-citizen inherits all of the marital assets without the marital deduction. Thankfully, estate planners have techniques, like a Qualified Domestic Trust, to assist non-citizens avoid unnecessary taxable events.

2. Gift and Estate Tax Exemption
   Married couples who are both citizens, or if they are legal permanent residents (green card holders), are granted a unified gift and estate tax exemption. In plain terms, if citizens or green card holders transfer property in the amount of $11.4 million (in 2019) or less then no gift or estate taxes are owed. (This amount is also indexed for inflation). That amount includes all lifetime gifts with whatever you own at death. In large part, citizens do not need to worry about making transfers to their citizen spouses. However, non-citizens only receive a $60,000 exemption from the gift and estate tax. That’s not a typo. Leaving property to a non-citizen could result in a lot of estate taxes without proper planning. For more about the gift and estate tax, read our previous blog post.

Putting the above concepts to work, if spouses transfer property between each other, and the recipient spouse is a non-citizen, then the marital deduction is nonexistent, and the citizen spouse would have to employ their gift and estate tax exemption, if they have one, where they otherwise would not have to. Then later, if the non-citizen spouse passes property to any children, the non-citizen spouse would not have the gift and estate tax exemption a citizen spouse would have. The result could be an avoidable disaster.

Non-citizens largely have the same desires and wishes that citizens have. Their legal status is merely different than that of citizens. However, that legal distinction does create challenges for which a plan is necessary. Do not leave your loved ones with an undesired mess. Get ahead of the issues by planning now.

What is... a Holographic Will?

This is part of an on-going series of blog posts titled the "What Is..." series, where we attempt to explain, in simple terms, common estate planning terms and concepts. To read other posts in this series, click here.

“I’m going on vacation next month, so I sent an email to my family to tell them my wishes in case something happens to me while I’m away.”

We hear this a lot. People want to make sure their family members know what they want to happen with their things or who they want to serve as a guardian for their kids, so they send an email. They put it in writing, thinking that it’s better than nothing. And, thinking that typing up something is more official than handwriting it.

Spoiler: handwriting a will is more likely to be legally binding than typing an email that isn’t signed. In fact, if it’s handwritten, signed, and dated, that’s better than typing it. This is known as a hand-written, or holographic, will.

In California, the legal requirements for a valid holographic will are: 1) that it needs to be signed;  and 2) the “material provisions” are in the handwriting of the individual. There is no requirement for it to be dated; however, if the holographic will is not dated and there is any doubt as to whether certain provisions are controlling, then the holographic will may be invalid to the extent of the inconsistency (e.g., no one is sure which document was drafted later in time).

Additionally, if there are any questions as to whether the individual lacked capacity, the will may be deemed invalid. For example, someone who is going into surgery might hand-write a will, but this may bring up questions as to whether that person was on medication or otherwise lucid enough to make the decisions at the time it was written.

Holographic wills were recently in the news as Aretha Franklin was not believed to have a will or a trust. Instead, it was discovered that she had written out her wishes by hand on several different occasions. Michigan, where Aretha Franklin resided when she died, like California, recognizes holographic wills. The question will be whether what she wrote was valid, and which handwritten document would be controlling.

Holographic wills serve a valuable function when your options are limited. If available, the best option is to talk to a lawyer about your wishes and ensure that you have a comprehensive estate plan that benefits you and your loved ones both in the case of incapacity and in the case of death. Call us for a free consultation.

There's No Default For A Blended Family

For people who die without a will or trust, California law provides a default path (intestacy statute) for where your stuff goes after you die. The distribution path of the default law will sound pretty intuitive… for a conventional family. For example, it provides for your surviving spouse first, then your children, then your nearest family members. That sounds all well and good if families always consisted of a current spouse and joint children. But what if your children are from a previous relationship and you are currently in an unmarried relationship? Or what if you and your current spouse both have children from a previous relationship? Or what if you married someone who has children from a previous relationship, but her/his children are not legally or biologically yours? Welcome to the issues that surround being a member of what many call a “blended family”.

California law does not adequately provide a default for blended families. And for good reason. Because there isn’t a “typical” blended family. But if you do zero estate planning, that same default applies equally to everyone, whether or not you’re in a blended family situation. So it’s imperative that you state your desires— in a comprehensive estate plan— instead of relying on a default provision that may not adequately cover your family situation, or at best might create some unintended consequences.

With a comprehensive estate plan, you can specifically describe who you want to provide for after you die, and how. For example, without proper estate planning, all of your assets could be left to your spouse, who then leaves it all to her/his children, leaving your children out of the path of inheritance. Or, if you are in an unmarried relationship, if you don’t plan properly, your current partner could end up out in the cold with all of your assets going to your children or other family members and bypassing the person you most want to care for.

There are thousands of hypothetical situations we can describe. The critical message here is that if the default doesn’t address your family situation, then it’s important that you adequately describe your wishes in a comprehensive estate plan. Don’t leave your loved ones dealing with undesired— but avoidable— consequences.

What is... a Power of Attorney?

This is part of an on-going series of blog posts titled the "What Is..." series, where we attempt to explain, in simple terms, common estate planning terms and concepts. To read other posts in this series, click here.

At its core, a power of attorney is the legal authority to act for another person. It allows someone to “step into the shoes” of another person.

There are generally two types of powers of attorney relevant to estate planning: medical and financial. A financial power of attorney is sometimes called “durable power of attorney for financial management,” or just “durable power of attorney.” The medical power of attorney is sometimes called the “advance healthcare directive”, “healthcare directive”, or “living will”.

A power of attorney gives someone the power to make decisions on your behalf when you either can’t do so yourself or don’t want to do so. This may arise when you are incapacitated or elderly; it may also arise if you are out of the country and need someone to call your bank for you, or sign a check for a contractor, or something similar.

The key is to ensure that you have given someone the power of attorney in advance of when you need them to act. Once you are deemed incapacitated, it’s too late to sign a power of attorney. Without the necessary powers of attorney in place, someone will need to go to court to obtain the legal authority to act on your behalf in a time of crisis. Going to court always involves time, expense, and the public nature of court can sometimes be humiliating for the person incapacitated.

So when should you have a power of attorney? Now.

Contact us for a free consultation.

Why Hire an Attorney Instead of an Online Provider?

Most estate planning attorneys frequently hear some form of this question: can’t I just do this myself online?

You certainly can create your estate plan yourself. And it’s pretty simple and affordable online.

In our experience, though, the most frequent response we get during a consultation is “I hadn’t thought of that!” To us, that’s what an attorney brings to the proverbial table. Attorneys ask questions to learn the nuances of your particular family dynamics, your goals, and any situations that you may not have thought about. Also, attorneys have the benefit of experience dealing with many other estates, and bringing that experience into planning your estate. This is not about the value of your assets, it’s about understanding goals, making sure you have documents in place that reflect what you want, applying current law, and avoiding potential pitfalls.

Some clients ask us to do a “trust review,” which means looking at the will or trust they already created because they want to modify some aspect of it. Clients are often surprised to see that the will or trust they created online isn’t going to do what they intended it would do. With estate planning documents, wording is the key to everything. With computer generated trusts and estate planning documents, a word or phrase in the wrong place can make the difference between your child being able to use her inheritance toward college education and having to go to court to “unlock” her inheritance because there was a badly worded restriction placed on it. There’s no such thing as a cut and paste estate plan; your life and your family are unique and your estate plan should reflect that.

We’ve also been on the other side of estate planning—the trust administration and probate side that takes place after someone has passed away. We know that you and your loved ones should have the space to grieve instead of trying to interpret the terms of a trust or navigating the probate process. We are here to ensure that you have the peace of mind that an expert is here to assist you through this tough time.

And we’ve been in the in-between—incapacity. We know what it’s like to walk into a bank or call the insurance company with your loved one’s estate planning documents to try to assist your loved one. We know the reality of what the bank or insurance company is going to say to let you get that done. An attorney ensures you have what you need so you can avoid frustration and don’t need to go to court.

Which gets us to one of the main components of hiring an attorney—the attorney-client relationship. When you retain an attorney, that attorney owes you certain duties. Some are the duty of confidentiality, the duty of loyalty, the duty of competent representation, and the duty of zealous advocacy. If a lawyer breaches any of its duties to a client, the lawyer can be held accountable. Lawyers are required to uphold very high standards when it comes to representing clients and their interests. When you use an online service, no attorney-client relationship is formed. No duties are owed to you. You (or your loved ones) cannot hold anyone accountable if things do not turn out how you wanted them to. All you have is a document that you drafted.

That’s the key: hiring an attorney gives you peace of mind through expertise and experience. An attorney will be there in times of crises, when an online provider will not.

We think that we would be those attorneys to give you peace of mind in your estate planning; and if you’d like to find out more, contact us for a free consultation.

Are Holiday Gifts Subject to the Gift Tax?

The short answer: yup! But the more nuanced answer is that if you are giving a gift or receiving a gift in California, you probably won’t end up paying any gift taxes on holiday gifts.

Let’s take a look at the mechanics of a holiday gift. Without getting overly complicated, a holiday gift is a donative transfer of an asset from one person (donor) to another (donee). A “donative transfer” simply means that no one traded you or paid you anything for it (as in, it’s a true gift). Just like the government taxes your income (income taxes), certain goods sold (sales tax), and also real estate that you own (property taxes), it also taxes the donative transfer of assets. So the gift tax is a transfer tax.

A couple of details: the gift tax is only imposed by the federal government--so only the IRS will tax you, not the state of California--and it’s only imposed on the donor (the person giving the gift). If you receive a gift, and you live in California, you’re not on the hook for transfer taxes.

There are two types of gifts: those you give during life (intervivos) and those you make after you die (like through a will or trust). We’re going to focus on intervivos gifts since most holiday gifts are given during life.

Here’s why most of you will not owe any gift taxes on your holiday gifts. The federal government has this nifty rule called the “annual exclusion”. What that means is that each of you can make a gift up to $15,000, per year, per recipient, and not owe any taxes on that gift. In fact, the IRS doesn’t even want to know about it! You don’t have to report it. Married couples can combine that exclusion amount to $30,000 to one recipient, per year, and still fall within the same rule. So put another way, you’d have to be awfully generous this holiday season to have to deal with gift taxes.

Well, what if you are that generous? What happens if you make a gift that exceeds the annual exclusion?

Now we get to the “unified credit” or estate tax exemption amount. The unified credit is an amount the federal government allows you to gift during your entire lifetime, and combine that amount with whatever you own when you die, and not pay any transfer taxes if you are below the unified credit amount. It’s an amount set by law, and it increases every year based on inflation. The credit amount in the year that you die is what is applied. The exemption level for 2018 is $11.18 million. For example, let’s say you die in 2018 (sorry to bum you out!)--if the total of what you gifted during your life, and what you owned at death is less than $11.18 million then you would pay ZERO transfer taxes. For 2019, that number increases to $11.4 million.

Let’s recap: if you make a gift to someone that’s valued at $15,000 or less, per person, you don’t have to report it, and no transfer taxes are owed, and there’s no reduction in your unified credit amount. If you make a gift in excess of $15,000 but less than the unified credit (currently $11.18 million), you won’t owe any transfer taxes, but you’ll need to report it to the IRS. They’ll walk over to your file, and deduct the amount of the gift from your unified credit amount. For example, if you gift $20,000 to your favorite niece this year, you would report a $5,000 gift ($20,000 - $15,000 exclusion amount) and the IRS would walk over to your file and deduct $5,000 from your $11.18 million unified credit. Only $11.175 million left to give before you pay transfer taxes!

Happy Holidays! And don’t forget to send those ‘thank you’ cards!

Married: You Either Are or You Aren't.

Have you heard that story about the couple who lived together for seven years, and then they accidentally became married? Or what about the one where your friends were in a “common law” marriage?

Well… they’re both bogus concepts. At least in California. We don’t even know where the “seven year” part came from.

In California, you’re either married with a state license and certificate from the county clerk (and a few other requirements) or you’re not married. Period. There’s no intermediary status. There’s no “common law” marriage. You can’t accidentally find yourself in a marriage. The law doesn’t care how long it took your significant other to propose, or the size of the ring… or whether there was a ring at all! There are a dozen or so states that recognize “common law” marriage, but we’re not one of them.

So how does the law view your live-in significant other? You know, the person you’ve been living with romantically for years?

To put it simply: short of marriage, the law views your significant other as a roommate. It doesn’t matter how long you’ve lived together, whether you have children together, or whether you share ownership of property. You need that marriage license in order to be considered lawfully married.

Married couples enjoy benefits that unmarried people do not. Married couples are legally considered family (for example: when visiting one another in a hospital, or for inheritance purposes, or for health care benefits). Unmarried couples cannot own community property. That’s only for married couples, too. Also, tax treatment for married couples is dramatically different than for an unmarried couple.

You may have heard of “Registered Domestic Partners”. Or just “domestic partners”. But that has its own set of requirements, and is governed by state law. It doesn’t happen accidentally or automatically. And it’s only recognized in a few states (including California), but not by the federal government, like marriage is.

A couple’s decision not to marry does not detract from the love, trust, support or any of the interpersonal relationship benefits married couples can share. However, it is important for an unmarried couple to know that the law treats couples in vastly different ways based solely on marital status. A marriage certificate may literally be “just a piece of paper” but that piece of paper has important legal ramifications.

If you would like to discuss how your situation would be affected by getting married (or not), please contact us for a free consultation.

Why Would A Married Couple Need an Estate Plan?

A friend of ours recently contacted us with a question that comes up frequently enough that we wanted to share it with you:

We are married and everything that we own is held jointly/as community property. We own a house, but we don’t have any kids and we don’t have debt. Do we need a will? Do we need a trust? Why?”

To the first question: Yes. You need a will whether you have a trust or not. (Click here to read our post explaining what a will does. And click here to read about intestacy.)

To the second question: Yes. Because….

1. Incapacity. Incapacity doesn’t just mean “coma,” (although that counts too). It could be that you went into surgery and had a bad reaction to the anesthesia so you can’t quite function as you ordinarily would. Or, it could be dementia. It could be temporary, it could be permanent. But a will doesn’t let you address incapacity situations. A trust allows you to plan for incapacity. It allows you to plan for who will take care of your assets and use your assets for your benefit when you are still living. Just because your spouse is on title doesn’t mean your spouse has all the necessary authority to care for you in the event of your incapacity. (Click here to read our previous post explaining incapacity.)

2. Contingency planning. Wills do not address all contingencies. But trusts allow for lapses and contingency planning. What if your spouse becomes incapacitated after you do? What if your intended beneficiary is still a minor (younger than 18 years old)? What if your intended beneficiary has a substance abuse or gambling issue later on? What if your intended beneficiary has special needs and requires means-tested government assistance? What if your beneficiary predeceases you? These issues can be planned for in a trust in advance.

3. Probate. You’ve probably heard the term “probate” with some negative connotation. (Click here to read our previous post explaining probate.) If you have a trust, you avoid probate. Probate takes about 18-24 months; it’s a public proceeding; and it’s expensive.

So even if you are married and hold everything jointly, that may only ensure that your spouse receives your assets upon your death. But so many other scenarios can occur. We might recommend you consider a trust given your situation and desires. All of our recommendations depend on your specific family and estate planning goals. To ascertain what is best for you we would need to meet with you, in a free consultation, to understand your goals, assess and explain your options, and provide you with a recommendation tailored to your situation. Call or email us today.

What is... Incapacity?

This is part of an on-going series of blog posts titled the "What Is..." series, where we attempt to explain, in simple terms, common estate planning terms and concepts. To read other posts in this series, click here.

When people talk about “estate planning,” many times the focus is on death. However, there is another event that we recommend planning for: incapacity. The first thought people have about incapacity is that it means being in a coma. To many people’s unfortunate surprise, incapacity can and will happen under much broader circumstances.

1. Incapacity can be a temporary condition

If something happened while you were under anesthesia and someone needed to contact your health insurance company or withdraw money from your bank account, do you have any documents in place to allow someone to do that? Most people don’t. Or what if you had a bad reaction to prescribed medication? Who has the legal authority to act on your behalf? If you’re married, and you’re relying on your spouse to step in, being married does not automatically allow your spouse to do these things for you.

We had a client recently who had a bad reaction to medication. He had to go to the hospital and was not exactly coherent during that time. Additionally, he did not WANT to have to make financial and healthcare decisions during that time. He did not feel able to do that. And, frankly, he had more important things to focus on. He’s fine now! But during that time period, he was incapacitated. He was very happy to have documents in place to allow for someone else to handle those other issues on his behalf.

2. Incapacity can happen suddenly

Think of any car accident you saw on your way to work. The people involved did not plan for that accident to happen. One of the people may have been hospitalized either short term or longer term, during which they may have been incapacitated. They certainly didn’t plan on needing the use of their powers of attorney that day, but that’s why it’s important to plan ahead.

3. Incapacity can be longer term, or even permanent

Yes, incapacity can also involve a coma or dementia or any number of conditions that simply do not improve. Some of these conditions can be seen from a distance away (e.g. a slow onset of dementia), and sometimes they can’t be (e.g. a stroke, or catastrophic brain injury).

The problem with waiting to know that a future incapacity will occur (like dementia/Alzheimer’s disease) before executing estate planning documents is that the person must have capacity to execute documents. If there is any question about an individual’s capacity to execute documents, it may require a doctor’s confirmation and/or further legal proceedings. It’s a bit of a catch-22: when we have capacity, few people feel like they’ll ever lose capacity. When you’re already incapacitated, it’s too late. Your loved ones are stuck.

Bottom line: plan while you can. Once you have your plan in place you have the peace of mind in knowing that you and your loved ones will be taken care of properly. Contact us for a free consultation to help you construct the plan that’s best for you.

What is... Probate?

This is part of an on-going series of blog posts titled the "What Is..." series, where we attempt to explain, in simple terms, common estate planning terms and concepts. To read other posts in this series, click here.

You’ve probably heard the term probate, and you know there’s something that’s not good about it. But what is it?

Probate refers to the division of the Superior Court of California that handles issues related to conservatorship/incapacity, guardianship, or death. Each county in California has its own probate division.

Conservatorship: Conservatorships are legal proceedings that refer to a scenario where an adult can no longer make her own decisions, such as in the case of dementia or coma. If a loved one becomes incapacitated (e.g. through a sudden car accident, or stroke), someone will need to petition the probate court to be granted the legal authority to act on the loved one’s behalf. With this authority, that person (called a conservator) is able to call the insurance company or handle your loved one’s finances. A few considerations:

• Conservatorships take time. Each county typically has only one probate judge. So if a crisis arises, and someone needs to be conserved, it can often take 6-8 weeks in a busy county to get that first court hearing.

• Conservatorships are also expensive. The conservator must show the court that the incapacitated person’s money is being wisely spent. These accountings can take $3,000-$5,000 to prepare. And they’re required to be filed every year, or every other year. That’s not even mentioning the legal fees for hiring the specialized attorney you would need for these types of proceedings.

• Conservatorships are also public court proceedings. It can often be humiliating to the person being conserved.

Thankfully, you can avoid the need for a conservatorship by planning ahead and creating a durable power of attorney and a trust.

Guardianship: Guardianships are legal proceedings that refer to minor children (anyone under 18 years old) who have either become orphaned or removed from their parents. Those children now need someone with the legal authority to act as the child’s parents. Only a court can give someone such legal authority. By planning ahead, you can nominate in your will who those guardians are in the event guardianship proceedings are necessary for your young children. You certainly do not want to leave such an important decision to the busy members of the probate court who do not know you or your children.

Death: When someone dies, the state needs to ensure that the person’s debts are handled (e.g., outstanding credit card debt, other loans, utilities, funeral and medical expenses), and that any remaining assets reach the dead person’s rightful heirs.

• Like any other court proceeding, this is a public forum in which your debts and assets are uncovered.

• Probate takes a long time. It often takes 18-24 months for heirs to receive any of the deceased person’s property. That means that if there are young children relying on their parents’ property to survive, it can take months or years before they see a penny.

• In addition to the lengthy time that probate takes, it can also be costly. Probate fees--the compensation due to the representative of the estate and her attorney--are set by statute and are calculated based on the gross value of the estate. For example, a $1 million estate in California may generate as much as $46,000 in probate fees!

Most people want to avoid the time, expense, and public humiliation associated with probate court. By creating a comprehensive estate plan, including a trust, will, and power of attorney, you can avoid probate altogether at a fraction of the cost. Don’t wait until it’s too late.

What is... a Living Trust?

This is part of an on-going series of blog posts titled the "What Is..." series, where we attempt to explain, in simple terms, common estate planning terms and concepts. To read other posts in this series, click here.

At its core, a trust is a legal arrangement that deals with the ownership and management of property, both real estate (like your home) and personal property (e.g., jewelry, cash, bank accounts, your socks). The trust defines how property named in the trust is owned, who can control and manage it, and what type of control can be exercised over it. A trust also directs what happens to the property in it after the person or people who made the trust dies.

While there are different types of trusts, this post focuses on a “living trust,” also known as a “revocable trust,” because it is the most common type of trust used in estate planning. It’s a type of trust that you can amend, or make changes to, during your life.

One way to think about a living trust is that it is a box that you put your property in. After you put property into the box,  the box now has the value of everything you put in it. The box is controlled by a legal document with special instructions detailing who can reach into the box to add or remove property, how the property in the box must be handled, who benefits from the contents, and who ultimately gets the contents of the box. This legal document is the trust document signed by the person or people creating the trust. The trust document is just a fancy contract defining the rules surrounding property placed in the box.

Control and management of the property in the box is also very important. Initially, control is usually reserved for the people who put their property into the box. The people who put the property into the box are called “trustors.” The trust document specifies who can manage (sell, gift, invest, purchase) the contents in the box. The managers are called “trustees.” Because people who put property into the box usually want to control the contents while they are living, the trustors are usually also the initial trustees. You can have more than one job at the same time.

But what if something happens to the trustees--maybe they don’t have the ability to take care of the property in the box or they die? Who is going to take care of the property? In this situation the trust document will appoint what is called a “successor trustee” who is given access to the trust box contents when the initial trustees are unable. The trust document will also direct how the successor trustee must handle property in the box, and who should receive the property in it when the trustors die.

A typical living trust benefits the trustors (remember, those are the people who created the trust and supplied property into the box) while they are alive. So along with being the trustors and the initial trustees, they will also benefit from the contents of the box. They are the “beneficiaries” of the trust. Once the trustors have died, the trustors have described in the trust document who will become the beneficiaries of the contents of the box.

Ultimately, if created properly, a living trust ensures the property in the box will benefit the trustors during their lifetimes, that the property will be safely in the hands of trustees that will care for the property, and that the property will be distributed to beneficiaries according to the trustors wishes when they die. It’s a seamless transition that avoids the time, expense, and public process that is probate court (which is a court process that takes place if you die with only a will or with nothing in place). If the trustors have young children when the trustors die, a living trust can contain a comprehensive set of instructions for how to care for those young children with the property in the box.

Of course a living trust has more nuances and complexities than is described here. The success of any estate plan depends on it being carefully crafted to address individual desires and situations. We provide a free initial consultation where we can help you decide whether a living trust, or other type of estate plan, will best serve you.

What Does Shafae Law Do?

After we posted about the opening of our new Los Angeles office last week, we received a lot of questions about what we actually do. So here’s a list of what we do and what we don’t do.

We do:

• Establish trusts that protect your assets from the probate process and help ensure you benefit from current tax laws

• Transfer your home into your trust

• Help guide you on how to move your other assets into your trust

• Draft wills that name guardians for children and give away your things (or to make sure your things end up in your trust)

• Create documents (called Powers of Attorney) that give someone the right to act in your shoes in case you get sick, can’t do it yourself, or don’t want to do it yourself (e.g. call the bank or your health insurance company to find out what kind of coverage you need)

SIDE NOTE: A forthcoming blog post will explain this in more detail, but even your spouse needs a power of attorney to be able to do these things on your behalf; being married isn’t enough to give your spouse the legal authority to act on your behalf

• Create documents that give someone the right to determine health care decisions when you are unable to do so (e.g. if you are in a coma and there’s a decision to be made about whether to proceed to surgery or not)

• Review and update existing estate planning documents

• Advise on tax implications that impact your estate planning wishes

• Administer a trust for someone who has passed away

• Facilitate the probate process for someone who has passed away

We don’t do:

• Financial planning, like telling you where to invest your money

• Real estate transactions, like helping advise on the housing market or conducting a purchase/sales transaction

• Tax controversies (disputing the IRS) or file tax paperwork for you

• Litigation. We do not handle legal disputes

Not sure if we do or don’t do what you need? We offer free consultations. Contact us today!

Announcing the Launch of our Los Angeles Office!

Shafae Law is proud to announce that we have officially opened a Los Angeles office (12100 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 800, Los Angeles, CA 90025). Led by Natasha L. Carroll-Ferrary, the main office is located in West Los Angeles; and we have access to satellite offices all throughout the Southern California region. Our Los Angeles location will be providing the same breadth and depth of estate planning and estate administration services as our Northern California office.

Shafae Law specializes in all aspects of estate and tax planning, as well as post-mortem and estate administration. We guide you and your loved ones through the estate planning process to meet your needs and achieve your goals. We provide trust and estate administration services that carry out the terms of a trust expeditiously, or ensure a timely probate process is completed. We want you and your family to have the peace of mind that you are in good hands.

Equally as important, we are transparent about our fees, and charge clients on a flat-fee basis only. We do not have an hourly rate, and we do not charge for communications, emails, or in-person consultations. We do not want our clients looking at a clock; we want you to take your time with us so you feel comfortable and confident.

Please contact us to set up a free consultation and find out whether our services are right for you.

What is... Intestacy?

This is part of an on-going series of blog posts titled the "What Is..." series, where we attempt to explain, in simple terms, common estate planning terms and concepts. To read other posts in this series, click here.

Simply put, intestacy is the word to describe what happens to your property when you die without a will. Intestacy is the state’s default method of determining your beneficiaries. This default is determined by the state in which you reside at the time you die (not the location of your death, say, if you die on vacation). If you reside in California when you die, and you don’t have a will, then the State of California has decided that your property goes to your surviving spouse (if you have one), if not, then to your children (if you have any), if not, then to your parents (if they’re still alive), if not, then to your siblings, then to your nieces/nephews, then to your uncles/aunts, then to your cousins, and on and on and on until someone in your family receives your property.

What if you literally have no other family by the time you die? Well, in that case, if you have no living relatives, the State of California will become the beneficiary.

Some people might look at the above and think,  “Yes! That’s what I would want anyway! So why do I need a will?” A will is more than just how you are giving away your things. It’s used for selecting a guardian for your minor children. It’s also where you would nominate the person who would handle closing all of your final affairs. This person is called an executor. Think of  the person paying for final bills (like an outstanding credit card bill or electric bill), who determines what to do with all of your knick-knacks, and other affairs of a personal nature. If you have a living trust, a will is necessary to ensure that all of the assets you never got around to transferring into your trust end up in your trust (called a “pour over will”).

If you die intestate (remember, that means without a will), none of your friends, girlfriend or boyfriend, or favorite charities will receive anything. Those people aren’t considered your relatives in the default scenario. Also, once your property passes on to someone else, you have no control what happens to it after that. Your property is now a part of that person’s estate and not yours. So, for example, if you wanted your things to go to your nieces/nephews but not to your siblings, you don’t get to control that if you die intestate. Intestacy goes in the order described above only.

The good news is that intestacy is a completely preventable situation! During your life you can create an estate plan (definitely a will and maybe a trust, depending on your situation) that will ensure that your assets go to the people or organizations you want them to go to. You also get to choose who gets to handle all of your final affairs, and to provide to them clear instructions.  

To determine what kind of estate plan you and your family needs, please contact us for a free initial consultation.